String and Unicode objects have one unique built-in operation: the
%
operator (modulo). This is also known as the string
formatting or interpolation operator. Given
format % values
(where format is a string or
Unicode object), %
conversion specifications in format
are replaced with zero or more elements of values. The effect
is similar to the using sprintf() in the C language. If
format is a Unicode object, or if any of the objects being
converted using the %s
conversion are Unicode objects, the
result will be a Unicode object as well.
If format requires a single argument, values may be a single non-tuple object. 2.8 Otherwise, values must be a tuple with exactly the number of items specified by the format string, or a single mapping object (for example, a dictionary).
A conversion specifier contains two or more characters and has the following components, which must occur in this order:
(somename)
).
If the right argument is a dictionary (or any kind of mapping), then the formats in the string must have a parenthesized key into that dictionary inserted immediately after the "%" character, and each format formats the corresponding entry from the mapping. For example:
>>> count = 2 >>> language = 'Python' >>> print '%(language)s has %(count)03d quote types.' % vars() Python has 002 quote types.
In this case no *
specifiers may occur in a format (since they
require a sequential parameter list).
The conversion flag characters are:
Flag | Meaning |
---|---|
# | The value conversion will use the ``alternate form'' (where defined below). |
0 | The conversion will be zero padded. |
- | The converted value is left adjusted (overrides "-"). |
(a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty string) produced by a signed conversion. | |
+ | A sign character ("+" or "-") will precede the conversion (overrides a "space" flag). |
The length modifier may be h
, l
, and L
may be
present, but are ignored as they are not necessary for Python.
The conversion types are:
Conversion | Meaning |
---|---|
d | Signed integer decimal. |
i | Signed integer decimal. |
o | Unsigned octal. |
u | Unsigned decimal. |
x | Unsigned hexidecimal (lowercase). |
X | Unsigned hexidecimal (uppercase). |
e | Floating point exponential format (lowercase). |
E | Floating point exponential format (uppercase). |
f | Floating point decimal format. |
F | Floating point decimal format. |
g | Same as "e" if exponent is greater than -4 or less than precision, "f" otherwise. |
G | Same as "E" if exponent is greater than -4 or less than precision, "F" otherwise. |
c | Single character (accepts integer or single character string). |
r | String (converts any python object using repr()). |
s | String (converts any python object using str()). |
% | No argument is converted, results in a "%"
character in the result. (The complete specification is
%% .) |
Since Python strings have an explicit length, %s
conversions
do not assume that '\0'
is the end of the string.
For safety reasons, floating point precisions are clipped to 50;
%f
conversions for numbers whose absolute value is over 1e25
are replaced by %g
conversions.2.9 All other errors raise exceptions.
Additional string operations are defined in standard modules string and re.