Availability: Tk.
The turtle module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both an
object-oriented and procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses Tkinter
for the underlying graphics, it needs a version of python installed with
Tk support.
The procedural interface uses a pen and a canvas which are automagically
created when any of the functions are called.
The turtle module defines the following functions:
- degrees()
-
Set angle measurement units to degrees.
- radians()
-
Set angle measurement units to radians.
- reset()
-
Clear the screen, re-center the pen, and set variables to the default
values.
- clear()
-
Clear the screen.
- tracer(flag)
-
Set tracing on/off (according to whether flag is true or not). Tracing
means line are drawn more slowly, with an animation of an arrow along the
line.
- forward(distance)
-
Go forward distance steps.
- backward(distance)
-
Go backward distance steps.
- left(angle)
-
Turn left angle units. Units are by default degrees, but can be
set via the degrees() and radians() functions.
- right(angle)
-
Turn right angle units. Units are by default degrees, but can be
set via the degrees() and radians() functions.
- up()
-
Move the pen up -- stop drawing.
- down()
-
Move the pen up -- draw when moving.
- width(width)
-
Set the line width to width.
- color(s)
-
- color((r, g, b))
-
- color(r, g, b)
-
Set the pen color. In the first form, the color is specified as a
Tk color specification as a string. The second form specifies the
color as a tuple of the RGB values, each in the range [0..1]. For the
third form, the color is specified giving the RGB values as three
separate parameters (each in the range [0..1]).
- write(text[, move])
-
Write text at the current pen position. If move is true,
the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the text. By default,
move is false.
- fill(flag)
-
The complete specifications are rather complex, but the recommended
usage is: call
fill(1) before drawing a path you want to fill,
and call fill(0) when you finish to draw the path.
- circle(radius[, extent])
-
Draw a circle with radius radius whose center-point is where the
pen would be if a
forward(radius) were
called. extent determines which part of a circle is drawn: if
not given it defaults to a full circle.
If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
current pen position. The arc is drawn in a counter clockwise
direction if radius is positive, otherwise in a clockwise
direction.
- goto(x, y)
-
- goto((x, y))
-
Go to co-ordinates x, y. The co-ordinates may be
specified either as two separate arguments or as a 2-tuple.
This module also does from math import *, so see the
documentation for the math module for additional constants
and functions useful for turtle graphics.
- demo()
-
Exercise the module a bit.
- exception Error
-
Exception raised on any error caught by this module.
For examples, see the code of the demo() function.
This module defines the following classes:
- class Pen()
-
Define a pen. All above functions can be called as a methods on the given
pen. The constructor automatically creates a canvas do be drawn on.
- class RawPen(canvas)
-
Define a pen which draws on a canvas canvas. This is useful if
you want to use the module to create graphics in a ``real'' program.
Subsections
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